UNODC estimates that up to 1% of adults in Central Asia are opiate users.  Estimated numbers of PWID in the region exceed 300,000. Sentinel surveillance conducted with technical support from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2007 found prevalence of HIV to be as high as 34% among injecting drug users in parts of Uzbekistan. Prevalence levels of hepatitis C up to 65.7% in Kazakhstan and syphilis of up to 14% in Tajikistan among drug users indicates the use of contaminated injecting equipment.  International studies show that drug users are from two to six times more likely to contract TB than nonusers and PWID are more likely to develop the disease in multiple organs and sites, rather than only in the lungs.  No non-project data exist on risk factors for TB in PWID in Central Asia, but international studies identify low access to TB prevention and treatment services, poor adherence to prophylaxis and treatment and a history of incarceration